Which of the following best defines a "response variable" in research?

The correct definition of a "response variable" is that it is the outcome variable that researchers aim to predict or explain in a study. In experimental research, the response variable reflects how the subjects respond to changes made in the independent variable, which is manipulated by the researcher.

The response variable provides insight into the effect of the treatment or conditions applied, enabling researchers to analyze and interpret the results to draw conclusions about relationships or effects. It is the variable measured to assess the impact of the independent variable, making it central to hypothesis testing and analysis in statistical research.

For instance, in a study examining the effect of a new drug on blood pressure, blood pressure would be the response variable, as it is the outcome that researchers are investigating.

The other options do not accurately characterize a response variable. The manipulation of variables describes the role of independent variables while controlled variables pertain to those held constant in an experiment to minimize bias. Demographic variables are important in defining the study sample but do not reflect the specific outcomes being measured.